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Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most common types of heart disease, affecting millions worldwide. It occurs when plaque accumulates in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. This buildup narrows the arteries and restricts blood flow to the heart, putting strain on the heart and increasing the risk of serious complications.

CAD is primarily caused by atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in the arterial walls. Several risk factors contribute to the development of CAD, including increasing age, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoking, physical inactivity, poor dietary habits, overweight or obesity, family history of heart disease and diabetes. 

Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for effectively managing CAD and preventing serious complications, such as heart attacks and heart failure. Regular check-ups and a commitment to a heart-healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce the risk of developing or worsening CAD. 

Common symptoms of CAD may include chest pain or discomfort (angina), shortness of breath, and fatigue. Individuals may also experience pain or discomfort in the arms, shoulders, jaw, neck, or back, along with lightheadedness or dizziness. Some people may not exhibit symptoms until experiencing a heart attack. Women, older adults, and individuals with diabetes may present atypical or minimal symptoms. 

The diagnosis of CAD typically involves various methods, such as a physical examination, blood tests, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and cardiac catheterization with coronary angiography. 

Treatment for CAD aims to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Options include: 

  • Lifestyle Changes: Adopting a healthy diet, engaging in regular exercise, quitting smoking, and managing stress. 
  • Medications: Cholesterol-lowering drugs, blood pressure medications, and blood thinners may be prescribed. 
  • Medical Procedures: percutaneous coronary intervention with stent placement or coronary artery bypass surgery may be recommended for more severe cases. 
  • Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs: These programs provide structured support to help patients improve their heart health. 

Cardiac Surgery

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Heart and Vascular Center
The Karolinska Heart and Vascular Center offers world-class cardiovascular care and has extensive experience with ground-breaking research and procedures.